When flying low over mountainous terrain, where is the greatest potential danger from turbulent air currents typically encountered?

The greatest potential danger from turbulent air currents when flying low over mountainous terrain is typically encountered on the leeward side when flying into the wind. This phenomenon occurs due to the presence of mountain waves and the effects of air flow over the terrain.

As wind encounters a mountain or ridge, it is forced upwards, causing a rise in air pressure and increasing turbulence on the windward side. However, once the air passes over the peak and descends on the leeward side, it rapidly accelerates and can create severe turbulence, including downdrafts and rotors that extend for several miles downwind of the ridge. These turbulent conditions pose significant risks to aircraft, particularly while flying at low altitudes.

In contrast, the windward side generally experiences less dangerous turbulence compared to the turbulent effects on the leeward side as the air is still in the process of ascending. While the peaks can also have turbulent conditions, it is primarily the leeward turbulence that is most hazardous when flying into the wind due to the potential for unexpected and severe downdrafts. This understanding is critical for pilots operating in mountainous regions to enhance safety and awareness of their flight environment.