At speeds above VNE, where is structural damage or failure more likely to occur?

The correct answer indicates that structural damage or failure is more likely to occur in smooth air at speeds above VNE (Velocity Never Exceed). This is because VNE represents the maximum speed limit for the aircraft, beyond which aerodynamic forces can lead to catastrophic failure. In smooth air, the absence of turbulence means that any structural stresses are more predictable and consistent, making it easier for the aircraft to reach and exceed this critical speed without the mitigating effects that might be present in turbulent conditions.

In turbulence, the varying forces and rapid changes can sometimes mask the stresses on the aircraft, potentially preventing immediate failure even if the aircraft is pushed toward VNE. In contrast, during takeoff and landing, while notable stress factors are indeed present, aircraft are usually operated within safe margins that are below VNE. Thus, those phases of flight do not typically present the same risk of exceeding structural limitations as flying at or above VNE in smooth air does.